ANALISIS JUMPAAN ALAT DAN PERALATAN BATU DI GUA KELEDUNG BESAR, LEMBAH NENGGIRI, GUA MUSANG, KELANTAN (ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FINDS IN KELEDUNG BESAR CAVE, NENGGIRI VALLEY, MUSANG CAVE, KELANTAN)
Abstract
Abstrak
Gua Keledung Besar merupakan tapak prasejarah yang penting yang terletak di bawah kompleks batu kapur Bukit Keledung di Hulu Kelantan. Gua ini telah dikenal pasti sebagai sebuah tapak yang berpotensi sebagai tapak hunian masyarakat prasejarah sewaktu tinjauan awal yang dilakukan oleh sekumpulan penyelidik Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) yang diketuai oleh Zuliskandar Ramli pada bulan Disember 2016. Ekskavasi secara vertikal kemudian telah dijalankan selama 15 hari dengan membuka sebanyak 11 petak yang telah dinamakan mengikut sistem turutan abjad (alphabetic) pada tahun 2022 lalu. Hasil ekskavasi telah menemukan banyak artifak batu yang kemudian telah dianalisis secara fizikal dan diklasifikasi berdasarkan morfologi, tipologi, litologi serta teknik pembuatan. Fokus kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti hubungan antara jumpaan artifak alat batu pada setiap lapisan budaya dengan persekitarannya bagi membuktikan peranan Gua Keledung Besar itu sendiri. Hasil daripada analisis tersebut dapat menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat zaman prasejarah di Gua Keledung Besar sebenarnya telahpun mengusahakan teknologi pembuatan alat batu setelah sekian lama lagi. Ratusan artifak batu ditemui dalam bentuk peralatan membuat alat batu seperti batu pemukul dan pencil tools serta jumpaan alat litik seperti kapak, alat penetak, pengikis dan pahat. Rata-rata alat batu ini dihasilkan daripada batuan batu kapur, kuarzit, batu pasir dan granit. Antara teknik pembuatan alat batu yang telah dikenal pasti ialah teknik hentaman langsung (direct percussion), hentaman tidak langsung (indirect percussion), dan teknik pemangkasan (knapping). Kesemua teknik-teknik ini memerlukan kemahiran khusus tertentu. Justeru berdasarkan penemuan ini dapat disimpulkan bahawa Gua Keledung Besar telah digunakan sebagai penempatan serta bengkel pembuatan alat batu di masa lalu. Kajian ini diharap dapat menyumbang kepada pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif tentang perkembangan artifak alat batu dalam sejarah awal di Kelantan dan Malaysia.
Kata kunci: artifak batu, Gua Keledung Besar
Abstract
Gua Keledung Besar is an important prehistoric site located under the Bukit Keledung limestone complex in Hulu Kelantan. The cave was identified as a potential site for prehistoric communities during an initial survey conducted by a team of researchers from The National University of Malaysia (UKM) led by Zuliskandar Ramli in December 2016. The vertical excavation was then carried out for 15 days by opening a total of 11 compartments which were named according to the alphabetic system in 2022. The results of the excavation have found many stone artifacts that have then been physically analyzed and classified based on morphology, typology, lithology and manufacturing techniques. The focus of this study is to examine the relationship between the discovery of stone tool artifacts at each cultural level and its environment to prove the role of Gua Keledung Besar itself. The results of the analysis can show that the prehistoric community in Gua Keledung Besar has actually been working on the technology of making stone tools for a long time. Hundreds of stone artifacts were found in the form of stone tools such as hammering stones and pencil tools as well as lithic tools such as axes, cutting tools, scrapers and chisels. In average, these stone tools are produced from limestone, quartzite, sandstone and granite. Among the techniques for making stone tools that have been identified are direct percussion, indirect percussion, and knapping. All of these techniques require certain specific skills. Thus, based on this discovery, it can be concluded that Gua Keledung Besar has been used as a shelter and workshop for making stone tools in the past. This study is expected to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the development of stone tool artifacts in early history in Kelantan and Malaysia.
Keywords: Prehistory; Gua Keledung Besar ; artifacts findingFull Text:
PDFReferences
Adi Taha. 1993. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Peninsula Malaysia (1991-1993). JMBRAS 66(1): 67-83.
Adi Taha. 2007. Archaeology of Ulu Kelantan. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Muzium Malaysia.
Ahkemal Ismail, N.N., Ramli, Z., Mohd Supian, N.S., Hussin, A., & Duli, A. 2018. Hoabinhian’s lithic technology in Chawan cave, Hulu Kelantan. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(13): 1007–1015.
Bamforth, D. 1991. Technological Organization and Hunter-Gatherer Land Use: A California example. American Antiquity 56: 216-234
Bellwood, Peter. 2007. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Canberra: ANU E Press.
Boeda, E. 1995. Levallois: A volumetric construction, methods, a technique. Dalam H.L. Dibble & O. Bar-Yosef. The definition and interpretation of Levallois technology. Madison: Prehistory Press: 41–68.
Chazan, M. 2012. The Prehistory of Olduvai Gorge: Excavations and Analyses in Early Human Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chazan, M. 2015. The Archaeology of Olduvai Gorge: An Analysis of Hominin Tool Use and Social Behavior in Early Human Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, J.D. 1970. The Prehistory of East Africa: A Study of The Early Cultures of Kenya and Uganda. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Coppens, Y. 1994. The Origins of Humankind: The Search for Human Origins in The Prehistoric Archaeological Record. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Creswell et al. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publication.
D. Walker & G. Sieveking. 1962. The Palaeolithic Industry of Kota Tampan, Perak, Malaya. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 28 (1):103–139.
Dart, R.A. 1925. The Species of The Australopithecus: A New Genus of The Hominid. Nature 115: 585-587.
Dart, R. A. 1949. The Origin of The Human Spine. Nature 164: 113-114. https://doi.org/10.1038/164113a0
David W. Cameron and Colin P. Groves. 2004. Bones, Stones and Molecules “Out of Africa” and Human Origins. Burlington: ElsevierAcademic Press.
Doronicheva EV, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Kurbanov RN. 2023. Archaeological evidence for two culture diverse Neanderthal populations in the North Caucasus and contacts between them. PLoS One. 13:18(4):e0284093. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284093.
Finestone E.M., P, Lummer, T.W., Vincent, T.H., Blumenthal, S.A., Ditchfield, P.W., Bishop, L.C., Oliver, J.S., Herries, A.I.R., Palfery, C.V., Lane, T.P., McGuire, E., Reeves, J.S., Rodés, A., Whitfield, E., Braun, D.R., Bartilol, S.K., Rotich, N.K., Parkinson, J.A., Lemorini, C., Caricola, I., Kinyanjui, R.N., Potts, R. 2024. New Oldowan locality Sare-Abururu (ca. 1.7 Ma) provides evidence of diverse hominin behaviors on the Homa Peninsula, Kenya. J Hum Evol. 190:103498. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103498. Epub 2024 Apr 5. PMID: 38581918.
Forestier, H. 2022. Stone Tools in Palaeolithic Sumatra, Indonesia: From Homo Erectus To The Hoabinhian modern period. In Louis, J. (ed). Quaternary Palaeontology and Archaeology of Sumatra, Australia: Australian National University Press, pp. 80-94.
https://doi.org/10.22459/ta56.2024.10
Forestier, H., Zeitoun, V., Sophady, H., Puaud, S., Celiberti, V., Billault, L., Thomache, L., Frère, S., Beyries, S., & Pottier, C. 2021. Reduction Sequences During the Hoabinhian Technocomplex in Cambodia And Thailand: A New Knapping Strategy in Southeast Asia From the Terminal Upper Pleistocene To Mid Holocene. Quaternary International 47(2): 147–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.033
Grenet, M., Sarel, J., Fauzi, R., Oktaviana, A., Sugiyanto, B., Chazine, J.-M., & Ricaut, F. 2016. New insights on the late Pleistocene–Holocene lithic industry in East Kalimantan (Borneo): The contribution of three rock shelter sites in the karstic area of the Mangkalihat peninsula. Quaternary International 416: 126–150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.044
Ignacio de la Torre et al. 2008. The early Acheulean in Peninj (Lake Natron, Tanzania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27(2): 244–264
Ikeyama, F. et al. 2022. Variability in Obsidian Blade Production Technology of The Neolithic Southern Caucasus: New Data From Göytepe And Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan. Orient. 57(0): 125-143. https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.57.125]
Isaac, G.L. 1976. The Archaeology of Human Origins: Studies of The Lower Paleolithic of East Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Isaac, G.L. 1978. The Oldowan: The Tool Tradition of The Earliest Hominids. Annual Review of Anthropology 7: 103-130. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.07.100178.000535
Isaac, G.L. 1981. The Archaeology of Human Origins: Studies of The Lower Paleolithic of East Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jatmika Setiawan & Ibrahim Abdullah. 2010. Geologi struktur pada Formasi Gua Musang di negeri Kelantan. Abstrak Prosiding Warta Geologi.
Kathy, S. & Toth, N. 2006. The Oldowan: Case Studies into the Earliest Stone Age. Indiana: Stone Age Institute Gosport.
Keeley, L.H. 1996. War Before Civilization: The Myth of The Peaceful Savage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leakey, L.S.B. 1936. Preliminary report on the Stone Age of the Olduvai Gorge. Tanganyika Notes and Records (2): 43–46.
Lee, C.P. Mohd. Shafeea Leman. Kamaludin Hassan. Bahari Md. Nasib & Rashidah Karim. 2004. Stratigraphic lexicon of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Geologi Malaysia.
Lewis, R., Tsoraki, C., Broughton, J., Cripps, J.C., Afodun, S.A., Slatter, T., Roubos, V. 2010. Abrasive and impact wear of stone used to manufacture axes in Neolithic Greece. Wear 271(9-10): 2549-2560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.074
Li, Y., Lam, T.M.D., Dang, H.S., Li, F., Forestier, H., Zhou, Y., Chen, P., Wang, L., He, C., Liang, T., 2020. A New Technological Analysis of Hoabinhian Stone Artifacts from Vietnam and its Implications for Cultural Homogeneity and Variability between Mainland Southeast Asia and South China. Asian Perspect 60(1): 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2020.0037
Maeda, S. 2018. The Role of Olduvai Gorge in The Study of Human Origins. Journal of Archaeological Research 36(1): 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-018-9115-3
Marwick, B. et al. 2018. Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change Global and Diachronic Perspectives. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Matthew, J. 2021. A Report on the History of the Acheulean Industry of Mai Idon Toro in the Central-Region of Nigeria. Culture and History 1(1): 21-37.
Monnier, G.F. 2007. Middle Palaeolithic Scraper Morphology, Flaking Mechanics and Imposed Form: Revisitng Bisson's‘Interview with a Neanderthal. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(3): 341 – 350.
Natasha Edreena. Arkeologi Prasejarah di Gua Lubang Kelawar Batu Tambah: Kronologi, Budaya dan Hubungan dengan Persekitaran. 2022. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman & Zuliskandar Ramli. 2018. Prasejarah dan Protosejarah Tanah Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Nur Farriehah Azizan. 2022. Arkeologi Prasejarah di Gua Kelew: Kronologi, Budaya dan Hubungan dengan Persekitaran. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Nur Farriehah, A., Nuratikah, A.B., & Zuliskandar, R., 2019. Kelew Cave, Ulu Kelantan as remains of prehistoric societies placement evidence based on surface survey. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 10(8): 233-240.
Nur Sarahah Mohd Supian. 2020. Arkeologi di Gua Jaya, Hulu Kelantan. Tesis Sarjana Persuratan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Nurul Noorain Ahkemal Binti Ismail. 2020. Penyelidikan Arkeologi di Gua Chawan, Hulu Kelantan. Tesis Sarjana Persuratan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Paola V. & Will, R. 2014. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex. Plos One 9(4): e96424.
Pelegrin, J. 1990. Prehistoric lithic technology: Some aspects of research. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 9(1): 116–125.
Robert, J. 1980. Pattern in Prehistory Mankind’s First Three Million Years. New York: Oxford University Press.
Semaw, S. 1997. The World’s Oldest Stone Artifacts from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385(6614): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.1038/385333a0
Semaw, S. 2003. The Early Pleistocene Archaeological Site of Gona, Ethiopia: The Search For The Roots of The Earliest Stone Tools and Their Makers. Journal of Human Evolution 45(5): 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.009
Shea, J.J. 2003. The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory. 17: 313–394.
Shipton, C., Petraglia, M., Koshy, J., Bora, J., Brumm, A., Boivin, N., Korisettar, R., Risch, R., Fuller, D. 2012. Lithic Technology And Social Transformations In The South Indian Neolithic: The Evidence From Sanganakallu–Kupgal. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(2): 156-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2011.11.003
Sileshi Semaw. 2000. The World’s Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(1): 1197–1214.
Siti Khairani Abd Jalil et al. 2019. Eksperimen Kesan Guna: Fungsi Alat Repeh Batuan Impak Bukit Bunuh, Perak. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 68: 45-55. https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm68201904]
Siti Khairani Abd Jalil. 2016. Klasifikasi Dan Teknologi Alat Repeh Batuan Impak Bukit Bunuh Serta Fungsinya Melalui Eksperimen Kesan Guna. Tesis Sarjana Sastera. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Supian, N.S.M., Ramli, Z., Ismail, N.N.A., Hussin, A., & Duli, A., 2018. The study of earthenware at Jaya cave prehistoric site, Hulu Kelantan. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(13): 998–100.
Tatsumi Yuki. 2019. A Neolithic sedentary hunter–gatherer settlement with densely arranged buildings: results of geophysical prospection at Hasankeyf Höyük in south-eastern Anatolia. Wiley Research Article. Irabaki: University of Tsukuba.
Trinkaus, E. 1983. Shanidar Cave and the Discovery of the Shanidar Neandeerthals dalam The Shanidar Neanderthals. New York: Academic Press.
Villa, P. & Roebroeks W. 2014. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex. PLoS ONE 9(4): e96424.
Wan Noor Shamimi Wan Azhar. 2021. Penyelidikan Dan Ekskavasi Arkeologi Prasejarah Di Gua Kecil Batu Tambah Dan Gua Lubang Kelawar Batu Tambah, Hulu Kelantan. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Wan Noor Shamimi, W. A., Zuliskandar Ramli & Azimah Hussin. 2019. Gua Lubang Kelawar Batu Tambah, Hulu Kelantan: Tinggalan Petempatan Manusia. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 32(2): 45-57.
Wan Noor Shamimi, W.A., Zuliskandar, R., Azimah, H., & Ruzairy, A. 2018. Lithic technology and material culture of Haobinhian and Neolithic Settlement in the Lubang Kelawar Batu Tambah Cave. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(13): 1244–1252.
Wiradnyana, K. 2018. Sebaran Sumatralith Sebagai Indikasi Jarak Dan Ruang Jelajah Pendukung Hoabinhian. Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 15(2):204-23. https://doi.org/10.24832/bas.v15i2.123.
Zhou, Y., Wu, Y., Qiu, K., Zhang, S., Wang, B., Yang, R., Ji, Y., Xie, H., Zheng, H., Li, Y., Yang, Q., & Ji, X. 2024. Extraordinary large Hoabinhian tools from Xiaodong rockshelter, southwest China. L'Anthropologie 128(1): Article 103235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103235
Zuliskandar Ramli. 2014. Pelestarian Warisan Kebudayaan Masyarakat Prasejarah Di Kelantan: Penemuan Terkini Di Kampung Kubang Pak Amin Dan Penyelidikan Lepas. Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Kelestarian. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Zuliskandar Ramli. 2019. Penemuan Terkini Tapak Prasejarah di Lembah Nenggiri. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 32(1): 1-20.
Zuraina Majid. 1996. Prasejarah Malaysia: Sudahkah Zaman Gelap menjadi cerah? Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
IKATAN AHLI ARKEOLOGI MALAYSIA
d/a Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: +60 3 8921 5280