EKSKAVASI ARKEOLOGI DI STOREROOM, FORT CORNWALLIS, PENANG (ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT STOREROOM OF FORT CORNWALLIS, PENANG)

Nurul Ain Mohamad Ali, Mokhtar Saidin, Shaiful Shahidan, Ahmad Fadly Jusoh

Abstract


Abstrak 

Pembinaan kubu kota pertahanan Fort Cornwallis oleh British telah menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan terhadap petempatan awal di Pulau Pinang. Sepanjang abad ke-19, Fort Cornwallis berperanan penting sebagai simbol perlindungan dan kekuasaan British di rantau Asia Tenggara. Namun begitu, Fort Cornwallis sering dianggap sebagai sebuah kota yang tidak mampu memanfaatkan fungsi kota dari segi saiz dan kelengkapan ketenteraan sebagai kubu pertahanan. Seiring dengan peredaran masa, Fort Cornwallis telah mengalami evolusi fungsi dan reka bentuk yang jelas dapat dilihat pada kawasan storeroom. Dokumentasi terdahulu di Fort Cornwallis tidak menggambarkan kewujudan struktur awal yang dibina di kawasan ini. Peralihan pemerintahan dan perubahan fungsi, beberapa struktur asal kota ini masih utuh dan dapat membantu dalam memberikan interpretasi umum kebudayaan masyarakat yang pernah berlaku di storeroom. Oleh itu, makalah ini akan membincangkan kajian ekskavasi arkeologi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2019, dengan memfokuskan pada jumpaan struktur sub-permukaan dan artifak. Jumpaan artifak dan struktur yang ditemui mempunyai hubungan dengan tempoh pendudukan British dan Jepun di Fort Cornwallis pada abad ke-18 hingga pertengahan abad ke-20. Kepentingan monumen kebangsaan ini bukan sahaja bukti seni bina ketenteraan dan pertahanan di Malaysia. Malah, Fort Cornwallis memainkan peranan penting sebagai arkib in situ bagi deposit arkeologi dan struktur yang berkait rapat dengan kehidupan di dalam kota serta menggambarkan sebahagian sejarah negara suatu ketika dahulu. 

Kata kunci: Fort Cornwallis, Pulau Pinang, kolonial, SHTI, ekskavasi

 

Abstract 

The construction of the Fort Cornwallis defense fortress by the British showed significant development towards the early settlement on the island of Penang. Throughout the 19th century, Fort Cornwallis played a crucial role as a symbol of British protection and power in the Southeast Asian region. However, Fort Cornwallis was often viewed as a fortress that was unable to fulfill its urban functions in terms of size and military equipment as a defense fortress. Over time, Fort Cornwallis has undergone an evolution of function and design that can be clearly seen in the storage area. Previous documentation of Fort Cornwallis did not depict the existence of the original structures built in this area. Despite the change of government and function, some of the original structures of this fortress still exist and can help provide a general interpretation of the cultural practices that took place in the storage area. Therefore, this article will discuss an archaeological excavation study conducted in 2019, focusing on the findings of sub-surface structures and artifacts. The artifacts and structures found are related to the period of British and Japanese occupation of Fort Cornwallis from the 18th century to the mid-20th century. The significance of this national monument is not only evidence of military and defense architecture in Malaysia but also plays an important role as an in situ archive for archaeological deposits and structures closely related to life within the fortress and depicting a part of the country's history at one time. 

Keywords: Fort Cornwallis, Penang, colonial, English East India Company, excavation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Cullin, E.G. & Zehnder, W.F. 1905. The Early History of Penang, 1592-1827. Penang: Criterion Press. 4-7.

GTWHI. 2012. Fort Cornwallis And The Padang Outline Heritage Management Plan Preliminary Draft October 2012, (Oktober). Dalam http://www.gtwhi.com.my/images/SampleHMP_FortCornwallisPadang_Oct2012.pdf. 5-6. [15 September 2020].

Hussin, N. 2007. Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka, 1780-1830. Singapore: NUS Press Singapore. 87-119.

Adnan Jusoh. 2016. Melestarikan Tapak Warisan Arkeologi, Monumen dan Bangunan Bersejarah Dalam Konteks Arkeopelancongan di Malaysia. Jurnal Warisan.

Khoo. S.N. 1999. Streets of Georgetown Penang. Penang: Janus Print & Resources.

Langdon, M. 2015. George Town's Historic Commercial & Civic Precincts. Georgetown: George Town World Heritage Incorporated. 18-19.

Langdon. M. 2015. Penang: The Fourth Presidency of India 1805-183-, Volume Two: Fire, Spice & Edifice. Penang: George Town World Heritage Incorporated. 31-158.

Marcel, S. E. 1994. Buttoning Down the Past : A Look at Buttons as Indicators of Chronology and Material Culture. 17. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj. 1-5.

Salim, N. & Mohamed, B. 2018. The evolution of historic waterfront: A case study of George Town, Penang. Planning Malaysia 16(4): 40–54.

Siti Norlizaiha, H., A. Ghafar, A., & Nurwati, B. 2002. Conservation and Archaeology of Fort Cornwallis, Penang, Malaysia. International Conference on Science and Technology in Archaeology and Conservation, 1–6.

Think City, Jabatan Warisan Negara & The Aga Khan Trust for Culture. 2016. Fort Cornwallis: Conservation Management Plan. 39-57.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



IKATAN AHLI ARKEOLOGI MALAYSIA

d/a Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: +60 3 8921 5280