BUKTI TAPAK 23, PENGKALAN BUJANG SEBAGAI KUIL HINDU BERDASARKAN KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI TERKINI (EVIDENCE SITE 23, PENGKALAN BUJANG AS A HINDU TEMPLE BASED ON RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH)

Mohd Hasfarisham Abd Halim, Azman Adam, Shyeh Sahibul Karamah Masnan, Mokhtar Saidin

Abstract


Abstrak 

Kajian arkeologi yang dijalankan di tapak 23, Pengkalan Bujang oleh Wales (1940), Herqoualc’h (1992), Nik Hassan Shuhaimi dan Kamaruddin (1993) dan Zulkifli (Rahmat 2006) membolehkan tapak tersebut dicadangkan fungsinya sebagai candi Hindu dan masjid berdasarkan rupa bentuk seni binanya. Oleh yang demikian kajian terdahulu telah menimbulkan polemik berkaitan fungsi sebenar tapak berkenaan. Bagi menyelesaikan isu tersebut, maka kajian lapangan yang melibatkan aktiviti survei dan pemetaan semula tapak 23 dilakukan bagi meneliti rupa bentuk sebenar tapak 23 yang akhirnya membolehkan interpretasi tapak dikemukakan. Berdasarkan kajian mendedahkan tapak 23 masih mendedahkan seni bina Vimana, Mandapa, kekaki, koridor dan Candi Apit yang in-situ dan secara jelas mengukuhkan interpretasinya sebagai sebuah candi Hindu di kawasan Kompleks Percandian Pengkalan Bujang. 

Kata kunci: Rekonstruksi, rupa bentuk seni bina dan candi Hindu

 

Abstract 

Archaeological research conducted at site 23, Pengkalan Bujang by Wales (1940), Herqoualc'h (1992), Nik Hassan Shuhaimi and Kamaruddin (1993) and Zulkifli (Rahmat 2006) allowed the site to be proposed as a Hindu temple and mosque based on its architectural. Therefore, previous studies have raised polemics regarding the actual function of the site. To resolve the issue, a field study involving survey and re -mapping activities of site 23 was conducted to examine the actual function of site 23 which ultimately enabled the interpretation of the site to be submitted. Based on the study revealed the 23 sites still reveal the architecture of Vimana, Mandapa, pedestals, corridors and Apit Temples and clearly strengthen its interpretation as a Hindu temple in the Pengkalan Bujang Archaeology Complex area. 

Keywords: Reconstruction, architectural and Hindu temples

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adi Taha. 1983. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Peninsular Malaysia 1972-1982. Journal of The Malayan Branch of The Royal Asiatic Society 56(1): 47-63.

Adnan Jusoh & Zuliskandar Ramli. 2015. Makara di Lembah Bujang dan kaitannya dengan sosiobudaya masyarakat Nusantara. Kertas Kerja Yang Dibentangkan Di Seminar Antarabangsa Sejarah Lisan Dalam Perspektif Warisan dan Budaya Malaysia-Satun 2015, Satun Resort, Thailand.

Allen, J.S. 1988. Trade and Site Distribution in Early History-Period Kedah: Geoarcheology, Historic and Locational Evidence. Tesis Kedoktoran, Universiti of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Anynamous. 2020. Menyaksikan Kemegahan Candi Hindu Yang Tersebar Di Pulau Jawa. Tempo Publishing. Indonesia.

Arumugam, S. 1980. Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka. University of California, Amerika Syarikat.

Azman Adam. 2020. Kajian Semula Tapak Kompleks Percandian Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah. Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Chatrath, K.J.S. 2019. Beautiful Carvings on the Entrance to Jagomohana of Konark Temple, 1250 AD, Odisha, India. 10/03/2020. Diperolehi Daripada World Wide Web:

http://indianheritagephotos.blogspot.com/2019/04/beautiful-carvings-on-entranceto.html.

Che Aziz Ali, Hamzah Mohamad & Nor Khairunnisa Talib. 2019. Warisan Geologi. Dlm. Mokhtar Saidin & Ibrahim Komoo (pnyt.). Jerai Geopark Warisan Geologi, Geoarkeologi dan Biologi, hlm.19-70. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Claude, J. & Freeman, M. 1997. Angkor: Cities ad Temples. Thailand: River Books Co. Ltd.

Dwi Retno Sri Amberati. 2009. Relevansi Vastushastra Dengan Konsep Perancangan Joglo Yogyakarta. Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 14(2): 61-80.

Edi Sedyawati. 1938. Candi Indonesia. Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman, Jakarta.

Ery Soedewo & Andri Restiyadi. 2018. Candi Simangambat: Candi Hindu Berlanggam Arsitektur Jawa, Di Mandailing Natal, Sumatera Utara. Sangkhakala 21(2): 116-134.

Etty, S. 2008. Percandian Batu Jaya dan Cibuaya Kabupaten Kerawang, Jawa Barat. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

Freeman, M. 1998. A Guide to Khemer Temples in Thailand and Laos. New York: Weatherhill.

Hergoualc’h M.J. 1992. La Civilization de Ports-Entreports du Sud Kedah (Malaysia). Editions L’Harmattan, Paris: V-XIV Siecle.

Higham, C. 2001. The Civilization of Angkor. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Insight Guided. 2018. Insight Guided Vietnam (Travel Guide e-Book). UK: APA Publications.

Kramrisch, S. 1946. The Hindu Temple. University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India.

Lamb, A. 1961. Pengkalan Bujang: An Ancient Port in Kedah. Malaya in History 7(1): 12-17

Lamb, A. 1965. A Note on Glass Fragments from Pengkalan Bujang, Malaya. Journal of Glass Studies 7: 80-94

Leong Sau Heng. 1973. A Study of Ceramics Deposit from Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Leong Sau Heng. 1980. Lembah Bujang. Dlm. Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia (ed.), (ed). Lembah Bujang The Bujang Valley. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia.

Leong Sau Heng. 1993. Ancient Trading Centre in Malay Peninsula, Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 6: 1-9

Meister, M.W. 1985. Measurement Proportion in Hindu Temple Architecture. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 10(3): 248-258.

Mohammad Nawaz Khan. 2014. Peshwar: The Unwritten History. Pakistan: Gandhara Markaz Shahbaz Garhi.

Mohd Supian Sabtu.1998. Zaman Hindu Buddha Di Lembah Bujang: Satu Penilaian Berdasarkan Data Arkeologi. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Ngô Vǎn Doanh. 2006. Champa: Ancient Towers. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.

Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman. 1984. Art, Archaeology and The Early Kingdoms in The Malay Peninsula and Sumatra: c. 400-1400 AD. Tesis Kedoktoran, University of London, London.

Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman & Othman Mohd Yatim. 1992. Warisan Lembah Bujang. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd Rahman & Kamaruddin Zakaria. 1993. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Sungai Mas, Kuala Muda, Kedah. Journal of Malayan Branch of The Royal Asiatic Society 66(2): 73-80.

Nor Azam Mat Noor. 2001. Balai Cerap Purba Pengkalan Bujang. Kertas Kerja Yang Dibentangkan Di Bicara@Muzium: Peranan dan Fungsi Tapak 23, Pengkalan Bujang, Muzium Arkeologi Lembah Bujang, 22 Mac 2021.

Othman Mohd Yatim. 1978. Oriantal Ceramic Find in West Malaysia: A Study of Their Distribution and Typology. Tesis Sarjana, University of Durham.

Pal, P. 1974. The Arts of Nepal: Scrupture. 1. Leiden: Brill.

Panda, S.K. 2011. Lingaraj Worship in Ekamra Kshetra. The Orissa Review 67(9): 61–62.

Pandya, D.P. 2016. The Early Temple of Campa, Vietnam: Shaping an Architural Language. Dlm. Pandya, D.P. & Mevissen, G.J.R. (eds). Temple Architecture and Imagery of South and Southeast Asia, hlm. 30-50 India: Aryan Book International.

Peacock, B.A.V. 1974. Pillar Base Architecture in Ancient Kedah. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of The Royal Asiatic Society 47(1): 66-86.

Rahmat Othman. 2006. Lembah Bujang Pusat 3 Budaya. Harian Metro, 16 Mei.

Reena, T.P. 2017. Vaastu in Perspective of Technology. Philosophy 3(5): 775-780.

Rosli Mahat, Nur Maisarah Abd Rasyid, Mohd Jalaluddin Jaslan & Zulkifli Jaafar. 2010. Thermoluminescence Dating of a Lembah Bujang Structure. Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies 7(2): 66-68.

Ruchika, S. 2020. Study of Priciples and Directions of Vastu in Residence Space. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 7(2): 97-101.

Sajnani, M. 2001. Encyclopaedia Of Tourism Resources in India. India: Gyan Publishing House.

Salwa Ayob. 2018. Tembikar Tanah Tapak Arkeologi 23, Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah: Kajian Tipologi Bentuk Dan Motif. Dlm. Hamid Mohd Isa, Nasha Rodziadi Khaw & Nazarudin Zainun (eds.). Etnoarkeologi Di Malaysia: Cerminan Budaya Material Masyarakat Peribumi, hlm 37-60. Batu Pahat: Penerbit UTHM.

Siti Norbaini Sabtu, Rosli Mahat, Yusoff Mohd Amin, David, M.P., Bradley, D.A. & Mohd Jamil Maah. 2015. Thermoluminecence Dating Analysis at The Site of an Ancient Brick Structure at Pengkalan Bujang, Malaysia. Applied Radiation and Isotop 105: 182-187.

Soekmono, R. 1973. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.

Subhash, K. 1991. The Solar Numbers in Angkor Wat. Indian Journal of History of Science 34(2): 117-126.

Sukawati Susetyo. 2020. Makara Candi Adan-Adan: Gaya Seni Masa Kediri. Berkala Arkeologi 40(1): 107-126.

Sunil, V. 2009. Temples of South India: A Photographic Journal. India: English Edition Publishers & Distributors.

Tjia, H.D. 2004. Accelerated Shoreline Growth and Landscape Development of Sungai Muda Coastal Plain. Warisan Geologi 6: 195-206.

Uday, D. 2020. T2, Temple Tech of Hindu Temple. Indo Nordic Author’s Collective, Tampere (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden) and Gurugram (India).

Wales, Q. H. G. 1940. Archaeological Research On Ancient Indian Colonization in Malaya. Journal of The Malayan Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society 19: 1-87.

Zuliskandar Ramli, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd Rahman, Adnan Jusoh & Yunus Sauman. 2011. Bahan Mentah Tempatan Dalam Penghasilan Bata Purba Candi Pengkalan Bujang (Tapak 21/22): Satu Pembuktian Secara Saintifik. Dlm. Jamaluddin Md. Jahi, Muhammad Rizal Razman, Kadir Arifin, Deni Efizon, Bustari Hasan, Kadaruddin Aiyub, Azahan Awang & Sharifah Zarinah Syed Zakaria (eds). Perubahan Persekitaran Di Alam Melayu, Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa Ke-4, Ekologi, Habitat Manusia dan Perubahan Persekitaran Di Alam Melayu, hlm. 871-880. Puri Pujangga, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 23-24 Mei 2011.

Zuliskandar Ramli, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd Rahman & Mazlan Ahmad.2012. Status Candi Pengkalan Bujang (Tapak 23), Kedah, Malaysia Berdasarkan Data Arkeologi dan Saintifik. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia 25: 131-147.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



IKATAN AHLI ARKEOLOGI MALAYSIA

d/a Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: +60 3 8921 5280