Penutur Austronesia Dan Cara Penyebarannya: Pendekatan Arkeologi, Genetik Dan Linguistik

Zuliskandar Ramli, Zaharah Sulaiman

Abstract


Abstrak

Penyebaran penutur Austronesia di Asia Tenggara dan kepulauan Pasifik serta Madagascar menjadi polemik berterusan sehingga ke hari ini. Pelbagai hipotesis dan teori yang telah dikemukakan oleh sarjana melalui pendekatan linguistik, arkeologi, antropologi dan genetik dalam membahaskan isu ini. Makalah ini cuba melihat kembali teori besar yang telah dikemukakan oleh para sarjana pelbagai bidang ini dalam merekonstruksi kronologi dan cara penyebaran penutur Austronesia. Istilah Austronesia ini mula dipopularkan sejak akhir abad ke-19 lagi dan kajian berkenaan dengan penutur Austronesia ini telah dipelopori oleh Otto Dempwolff diikuti oleh Hendrok Kern pada tahun 1886 dan Wilhem Schmidt pada awal abad ke-20. Robert Blust pada tahun 1970-an telah memperkembangkan kajian berkenaan penutur Austronesi ini dan beliau juga telah membangunkan model yang dinamakan “Model of History of the Austronesian Language Family”. Antara teori besar yang dikemukakan dan berkait dengan penutur Austronesia ini adalah teori yang dikemukakan oleh Peter Bellwood iaitu teori ‘Out of Taiwan’ dan ‘Out of Yunnan’ yang menggunakan pendekatan linguistik dan arkeologi terutamanya yang berkait rapat dengan masyarakat yang mengamalkan pertanian dan penternakan. Teori ‘Out od Island Origin’ yang telah dikemukakan oleh William Solheim dengan menggunakan data arkeologi sepenuhnya terutamanya penyebaran artifak tembikar tanah menganggap bahawa induk bahasa Austronesia ini adalah di kawasan pesisir selatan Vietnam. Manakala pendekatan terkini yang menggunakan analisis genetik terutamanya mitokondria DNA telah digunakan oleh Stephen Oppenheimer dan beliau telah mengemukakan teori ‘Oot of Sundaland’. Kesimpulannya, walaupun teori “Out of Sundaland’ ini telah menolak teori yang dikemukakan oleh Peter Bellwood iaitu teori ‘Out of Taiwan, perdebatan berkenaan dengan penyebaran penutur Bahasa Austronesia ini dilihat tidak akan selesai dan polemik ini dijangka akan terus berterusan tanpa penghujungnya. Walau bagaimanapun, ahli arkeologi tempatan telah lama menolak teori ‘Out of Taiwan’ dan ‘Out of Yunnan’ dengan hujah bahawa masyarakat Neolitik itu berevolusi secara setempat dan evolusi sosio-budaya dan teknologi berkait rapat dengan persekitaran yang diduduki oleh masyarakat tersebut.

Kata kunci: Austronesia, teori ‘Out of Taiwan’, teori ‘Out of Island Origin’, teori ‘Out of Sundaland’.

 

Abstract

The spread of Austronesian speakers in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands as well as Madagascar became polemic going on to this day. Various hypotheses and theories that have been proposed by scholars through linguistic, archeological, anthropological and genetic approaches in debating this issue. This paper attempts to look back at the major theory that various subjects have proposed in reconstructing the chronology and the spreading of Austronesian speakers. The Austronesian term was first popularized since the late 19th century and the study of Austronesian speakers was pioneered by Otto Dempwolff followed by Hendrok Kern in 1886 and Wilhem Schmidt in the early 20th century. Robert Blust in the 1970s has developed a study of the speakers of this Austronesian and he has also developed a model called "Model of History of the Austronesian Language Family". Among the major theories proposed and related to the Austronesian speakers are the theory proposed by Peter Bellwood, the 'Out of Taiwan' and 'Out of Yunnan' theories that use linguistic and archaeological approaches, especially those closely related to agriculture and domestication of animals. The 'Out of Island Origin' theory that William Solheim had put forward by using archaeological data, especially the deployment of earthenware artifacts assumes that this Austronesian family is in the southern coast of Vietnam. While the latest approaches that use genetic analysis, especially DNA mitochondria, have been used by Stephen Oppenheimer and he has put forward the theory of 'Out of Sundaland'. In conclusion, although the theory of "Out of Sundaland" rejected the theory posed by Peter Bellwood who propossed the theory of 'Out of Taiwan', the debate over the spread of the Austronesian speakers was seen to be unfinished and the polemic was expected to continue without end. However, local archaeologists have long rejected the theory of 'Out of Taiwan and Out of Yunnan 'with the argument that the Neolithic society evolved locally and socio-cultural evolution and technology were closely related to the environment occupied by the community.

Keywords: Austronesia, theory of ‘Out of Taiwan’, theory ‘Out of Island Origin’, theory ‘Out of Sundaland’. 


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