Hak Asasi Manusia Tradisional: Pelajaran Dari Prasasti Cakravantin, Talang Tuo & Pagarruyung I

Mohd Faizal Musa

Abstract


Terdapat segelintir pihak yang memomokkan gagasan hak asasi manusia moden seperti terserlah dalam The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 sebagai bertentangan dengan budaya dan nilai umat Melayu. Namun demikian, bukti-bukti yang tertera dari prasasti purba menunjukkan umat Melayu tidak terputus dari perlindungan gagasan hak asasi manusia yang berbumbukan ajaran Buddha. Sebagai contoh Prasasti Talang Tuo (684 Masehi), Prasasti Cakravantin (1088 Masehi), dan Prasasti Pagarruyung I (1356 Masehi) menyimpan maklumat gagasan hak asasi manusia tradisional. Keberadaan prasasti purba ini membuktikan konsep hak asasi manusia bukanlah sesuatu yang asing seperti didakwa sesetengah pihak. Cuma, konsep tersebut tidak dikenal dengan nama yang sama sepertinya gagasan hak asasi manusia moden hari ini. Tulisan menggunakan kerangka saranan George F. Mclean yang menekankan penjelmaan kembali khazanah bangsa, dalam konteks ini prasasti, sebagai warisan yang memiliki ‘primary structuring ideas’ (idea-idea besar berstruktur) untuk diwacanakan agar ia berguna dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk masyarakat moden. Sudah tentu terdapat perbezaan antara gagasan hak asasi manusia tradisional dan moden. Hal ini berlaku kerana gagasan hak asasi manusia moden digubal untuk memenuhi tuntutan zaman ini iaitu melindungi kehidupan manusa moden yang telah mengalami pelbagai kepesatan ekonomi, teknologidan pelajaran. 

Kata Kunci: Prasasti Cakravantin, Prasasti Talang Tuo, Prasasti Pagarruyung I, Hak Asasi Manusia, Buddha.

 

There are coterie of dissenters stigmatizing modern human rights concept espoused in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 claiming it to contradict Malay culture and norms. However, despite these allegations, ancient evidences show Malay has never been cut off from human rights rooted in Buddhism. For instance, inscribed stones such as Prasasti Talang Tuo (684 AD), Prasasti Cakravantin (1088 AD), and Prasasti Pagarruyung I (1356 AD) contain much information on traditional human rights. The existence of these ancient inscribed stones prove that human rights concept are not foreign as claim by certain factions. Only that the concept is not known as today. This paper uses George F. Mclean approach to reinvigorate old heritages, in this context the inscribed stones, as Malay pride containing ‘primary structuring ideas’ in order to revive it and use it for the benefit of modern human society. Truly there are differences between the modern and the traditional human rights concepts. This happen as modern human rights are created to respond certain demand of this era to protect modern human life after experiencing the rapid growth of economy, technology and education.  

Keywords: Cakravantin, Talang Tuo, Pagarruyung I, Human Rights, Buddha.



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