Alat Repeh Zaman Paleolitik: Isu dan Masalah di Asia Tenggara
Abstract
Zaman Paleolitik juga dikenali sebagai Zaman Batu Lama. Pada zaman ini, masyarakatnya telah menggunakan batu sebagai teknologinya yang dikenali sebagai teknologi alat batu. Alat batu yang dihasilkan terdiri daripada dua jenis secara umumnya iaitu alat pebel dan alat repeh. Alat repeh merupakan repehan batuan yang digunakan untuk aktiviti kerja yang ringan. Walaupun ia cuma digunakan untuk kerja ringan tetapi ia tetap penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat prasejarah pada zaman Paleolitik. Alat repeh di Asia Tenggara dikatakan bersifat amorfus iaitu tiada bentuk yang tertentu. maka, timbul masalah dari segi fungsi, tipologi dan hubungannya dengan penghasilan alat sekunder.
Kata Kunci: zaman Paleolitik, alat repeh, amorfus, tipologi
Paleolithic era was also known as the Old Stone Age. In this era, people have been using stone as a technology known as lithic technology. Generally, stone tools which were produced in this era were known as pebble tools and flake tools. Flake tool is one of the flake tools which are used for light work activity. Although it is only used for light work but it is still important in the lives of prehistoric people in Palaeolithic era. Flake tool in Southeast Asia is said to be amorphous, which has no particular shape. Therefore, there is a problem arise in terms of functions, typology and its relationship with the production of a secondary tool.
Keywords: Paleolithic era, flake tools, amorphus, typology
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adi Haji Taha. 2013. Archaeological investigations in Ulu Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Muzium Malaysia.
Allen, H. 1991. Stegodonts and the dating of stone tool assemblages in island Southeast Asia. Asian Perspectives 30(2): 243-265.
Andersen A.N., Kohout R.J., dan Trainor C.R. 2013. Biogeography of Timor and surrounding Wallacean Islands: endemism in ants of the genus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith. Diversity, 5:139–148
Anderson, P.C. 1980. A Testimony of Prehistoric Tasks: Diagnostic Residues on Stone Tool Working Edges. World Archaeology, 2(12):181-194.
Anderson, D. D. 1997. Cave archaeology in Southeast Asia. Geoarchaeology, 12: 607-638.
Andrefsky Jr. W. 1994. Raw-material availability and the organization of technology. American Antiquity 59(1): 21-34.
Andrefsky Jr. W. 2005. Lithics: Macroscopic approaches to analysis. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press.
Andrefsky Jr. W. 2006. Experimental and archaeological verification of an index of retouch for hafted bifaces. American Antiquity 71: 743–758.
Andrefsky Jr. W. 2008. Lithic Technology: Measures of Production, Use and Curation. Cambridge University Press.
Andrefsky Jr. W. 2009. The analysis of stone tool procurement, production, and maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research 17: 65–103.
Aung Thaw, U. 1971. The "Neolithic" Culture of the Padah-lin Caves. Asian Perspectives, 123-133
Barker, G.W.W., Barton, H., Bird, M., Daly, P., Datan, I., Dykes, A., Farr, L., Gilbertson, D., Harrisson, B., Hunt, C., Higham, T., Kealhofer, L., Krigbaum, J., Lewis, H., McLaren, S., Paz, V., Pike, A., Piper, P., Pyatt, B., Rabett, R., Reynolds, T., Rose, J., Rushworth, G., Stephens, M., Stringer, C., Thompson, J. dan Turney, C. (2007). The human revolution in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: The antiquity and behaviour of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). Journal of Human Evolution 52 (3): 243–261.
Bartstra, G.J. 1985. Sangiran, the stone implements of Ngebung and the Paleolithic of Java. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 9: 99-113.
Bartstra, G.J., Soegondho, S. dan van der Wijk, A., 1988. Ngandong man: age and artifacts. Journal Human Evolution. 17: 325-337.
Bar-Yosef, O., dan Wang, Y. (2012). Paleolithic archaeology in China. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 319-335.
Bellwood, P. 1987. The prehistory of island Southeast Asia: a multidisciplinary review of recent research. Journal of World Prehistory 1: 171-224.
Bellwood, P. 1988. Archeological Research in South-Eastern Sabah. Sabah Museum Monograph 2.
Bronson, B. dan Asmar, T. 1976. Prehistoric investigations at Tianko Panjang cave, Sumatra; an interim report. Asian Perspectives 18: 128-145.
Bronson, B. dan Wisseman, J. 1974. An archaeological survey in Sumatra, 1973. Sumatra Research Bulletin 4: 87-94.
Brumm, A., Aziz, F. G.D., Van Den Bergh, Morwood, M.J., Moore, M.W., Kurniawan, I., Hobbs, D.R., dan Fullagar, F. 2006. Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo Floresiensis. Nature 441: 624-628.
Brumm, A., Jensen, G. M., Van den Bergh, G. D., Morwood, M. J., Kurniawan, I., Aziz, F., dan Storey, M. 2010. Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago. Nature 464 (7289): 748-752.
Brumm, A., dan McLaren, A. 2011. Scraper reduction and “imposed form” at the Lower Palaeolithic site of High Lodge, England. Journal of Human Evolution 60(2): 185-204.
Brumm, A., dan Moore, M. W. 2012. Biface distributions and the Movius line: A Southeast Asian perspective. Cahen, D. dan Noten, V. F. 1971. Stone Age Typology: Another Approach. Current Anthropology 12(2): 211-215.
Datan, I. 1993. Archaeological Excavations at Gua Sireh (Serian) and Lubang Angin (Gunung Mulu National Park), Sarawak, Malaysia. Sarawak Museum Journal 6 (Special Monograph). Kuching: Sarawak Museum.
Davidson, J.H.C.S. 1975. Recent archaeological activity in Vietnam. Journal of The Hong Kong Archeological Society (6): 80-98.
Debenath, A. dan Dibble, H.L. 1994. Handbook of Paleolithic Typology. Volume One: Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
Dibble, H. 1987. The interpretation of Middle Paleolithic scraper morphology. American Antiquity 52: 109-117.
Forestier, H. 2007. Ribuan Gunung Ribuan Alat Batu (Prasejarah Song Keplek Gunung Sewu Jawa Timur. Jakarta: KPG & IRD.
Fox, R.B. 1978. The Philippine paleolithic. In. F.Ikawa-Smith (ed). Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia. hlm. 56-89. The Hague.
Fox, R.B. 1970. The Tabon Cave: Archeological Explorations and Excavation on Palawan Island, Phillpines. National Museum.
Fox, R. B., dan J. Peralta. 1974. “Preliminary Report on the Pa- laeolithic Archaeology of Cagayan Valley, Philippines, and the Cabalwanian industry.” DALAM: Proceedings of the First Re- gional Seminar on Southeast Asian Prehistory and Archaeology, June 26–July 4, 1972, Manila, edited by E. S. Casino, 100–47. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines.
Glover, I. C. 1981. Leang Burung 2: an Upper Palaeolithic rockshelter in South Sulawesi, Indonesia Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 6: 1-38.
Glover, I. C. 1984. The late Stone Age in eastern Indonesia. DALAM Velde, P.V.D. (ed). Prehistoric Indonesia: A Reader, Foris Publication, 104:273- 296.
Grace, R. 1989. Interpreting the function of stone tools: the quantification and computerisation of microwear analysis. British Archaeological Reports International.
Grace, R. 1990. The limitations and applications of use-wear analysis. The Interpretive Possibilities of Microwear Analysis. Uppsala: AUN 14: 9-14.
Haidle, Miriam dan Alfred Pawlik. 2009. Missing types: overcoming the typology dilemma of lithic archaeology in Southeast Asia. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (BIPPA) 29: 2-5.
Hameau, S., Falguères, C., Bahain, J.J., Sèmah, F., Semah, A.M. & Dolo, J.M. 2007. ESR dating in Song Terus cave (East Java, Indonesia). Quaternary Geochronology 2: 398–402.
Harrisson, T. 1957. The Great Cave of Niah: a preliminary report on Bornean prehistory. MAN 57: 161-166.
Harrisson, T. dan Harrisson, B. 1971 The Prehistory of Sabah. Kota Kinabalu (Sabah): Sabah Society, Volume 4.
Hayden, B. 1987. Manufacture of metates using chipped stone tools. In.
Hayden, B. (ed.). Lithic Studies Among the Contemporary Highland Maya, Ch. 3. Tucson University of Arizona Press.
Ha Van Tan. 1997. The Hoabinhian and before. Bulletin of Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. 16: 35–41.
Higham, C. 2013. Hunter-gatherers in Southeast Asia: From prehistory to the present. Human Biology 85(1): 21-43.
Hutterer, K. L. 1976. An evolutionary approach to the Southeast Asian cultural sequence. Current Anthropology 17(2).
Hutterer, K. L. 1985. The Pleistocene archaeology of Southeast Asia in regional context. Modern Quaternary Res. SE Asia 9: 1-23.
Jacob, T., Soejono, R.P., Freeman, L.G., dan Brown, F.H. 1978. Stone tools from Mid-Pleistocene sediments in Java. Science 202: 885–887.
Jaffrie Ignatius 2000. Pulau Balambangan dan sumbangannya kepada Zaman Paleolitik di Asia Tenggara. Tesis M.A. Universiti Sains Malaysia: Pulau Pinang.
Jeffrey Abdullah. 2014. Pulau Balambangan: Bukti Kebudayaan Paleolitik 17,000-8,000 Tahun Dahulu. Dlm. Mokhtar Saidin & Jeffrey Abdullah (ed), Sumbangan Sabah kepada Arkeologi Asia Tenggara: Hasil penyelidikan 20 Tahun (1993-2013). Monograf Muzium Sabah Volume 12, Sabah: Jabatan Muzium Sabah.
Jeffrey Abdullah. 2015. kebudayaan paleolitik di lembah mansuli semasa pleistosen tengah hingga pleistosen akhir (235,000 -11,000 tahun dahulu). Tesis Doktor Falsafah, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Jones, P.R. 1979. Effects of raw materials on biface manufacture. Science 204: 835-836.
Jones, P.R.. 1994. Resulrs of experimental work in relacion to ehe srone industries of Olduvai Gorge. In. Leakey M.D. & Roe D.D (eds.) Olduvai Gorge, Volume 5, Cambridge, pp. 254-298
Keates, S.G. dan G.J. Bartstra. 2001. Observations on Cabengian and Pacitanian artefacts from island Southeast Asia. Quärtar, 51(52): 9-32.
Keeley, L.H. 1974. Technique and methodology in microwear studies. A critical review. World Archaeology 5: 323-336
Keeley, L.H. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kusno, A. 2009. Archaeozoological contribution to the characterization of the stratigraphy of the Upper Pleistocene in Tabuhan layers (Song Terus Cave, Eastern Java, Indonesia). Tesis Sarjana, Erasmus Mundus Quaternary and Prehistory, p 73.
Levi-Sala, I. 1996 A Study of MicroscopicPolish on Flint Implements. British Archaeological Reports. International Series 629, Oxford.
Marwick, B. 2009. Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence. Quaternary International 202: 51-58.
Mokhtar Saidin. 1997. Kajian perbandingan tapak paleolitik Kampung Temelong dengan Kota Tampan dan sumbangannya terhadap zaman Pleistosen Akhir di Asia Tenggara. Malaysia Museum Journal: 32.
Mokhtar Saidin. 1998. Kebudayaan Paleolitik di Malaysia - Sumbangan Tapak Lawin, Perak dan Tingkayu, Sabah. Tesis Ph.D, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Mokhtar Saidin. 2004. Bukit Bunuh, Lenggong, Malaysia: A New Evidence Of Late Pleistocene Culture In Malaysia And Soutmast Asia. 10ft European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeological. Conference, London, 14-17 September 2004.
Mokhtar Saidin. 2014. Urutan Kronologi Prasejarah Sabah. DALAM Mokhtar Saidin dan Jeffrey Abdullah (ed). Sumbangan Sabah kepada Arkeologi Asia Tenggara: Hasil penyelidikan 20 Tahun (1993-2013). Monograf Muzium Sabah Volume 12, Sabah: Jabatan Muzium Sabah.
Moore, M.W., dan Brumm, A. 2007. Stone artefacts and hominins in island Southeast Asia: new insights from Flores, Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Human Evolution, 52: 85–102.
Moore, M.W., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, Morwood, M.J., dan Brumm, A., 2009. Continuities in stone flaking technology at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia. Journal of Human Evolution. 57: 503–526.
Morwood, M. J., Aziz, F., O'Sullivan, P., Nasruddin, D. R., Hobbs, dan Raza A. 1997. Archaeological and paleontological research in central Flores, east Indonesia: results of fieldwork, 98: 273-286.
Morwood, M. J., O’Sullivan, P., Aziz, F., dan Raza, A., 1998. Fission track age of stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesian island of Flores. Nature, 392: 173–176.
Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R.P., Roberts, R.G., Sutikna, T., Turney, C.S.M., Westaway, K.E.,Rink, W.J., Zhao, J.-x., van den Bergh, G.D., Rokus Awe Due, Hobbs, D.R., Moore, M.W., Bird, M.I., dan Fifield, L.K. 2004. Archaeology and age of Homo Floresiensis, a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Nature, 431: 1087–1091.
Motokawa, M. 2000. Biogeography of living mammals in the Ryukyu Islands. Tropics 10(1): 63-71.
Movius, H. L. 1943. The Stone Age of Burma. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 32:341-93.
Movius, H. L. 1944. Early man and Pleistocene stratigraphy in southern and eastern Asia. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 19(3).
Movius, H. L. 1948. The Lower Palaeolithic cultures of southern and eastern Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 38(4): 330-420.
Nguyen Gia Doi. 1999. Dieu industry in local background in Vietnamese. Khao Co Hoc 3:5–24.
Nor Khairunisa Talib. 2013. Ekskavasi Tapak Bukit Bunuh , Lenggong, Perak: Sumbangan kepada Pemahaman Kebudayaan Paleolitik. Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Olsen, J.W. dan Ciochon, R.L. 1990. A review of evidence for postulated Middle Pleistocene occupations in Viet Nam. Journal of Human Evolution 19:761-788.
Pawlik, A. F. 2000. Identification of hafting traces and residues by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays. In. Lithics in Action: papers from the conference Lithic Studies in the Year, 169-182.
Pawlik, A.F. 2004. The Palaeolithic site of Arubo 1 in central Luzon, Philippines. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 24:3–12.
Pawlik, A.F. 2005. Arubian, Acheulean or Acheulean-like? Early Palaeolithic in Central Luzon, Philippines. DALAM Wilhelm G. Solheim, Philippine Archaeology Online Reports. vol. 5.
Pawlik, A.F. 2009. Is the functional approach helpful to overcome the typology dilemma of lithic archaeology in Southeast Asia? Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (29): 6-14.
Pawlik, A. F., dan Thissen, J. 2011. The ‘Palaeolithic Prospection in the Inde Valley’Project. Quaternary Science Journal (EuG), 60(1).
Peralta, J.T. 1985. Phillippine Prehistoric Research: A Status Report. (deraf). Tidak diterbitkan.
Patole-Edoumba. E. 2009. A typo-technological definition of Tabonian industries. Bull. Indo- Pacific Prehist. Assoc. 29:21–25.
Pham Huy Thong, Hoang Xuan China dan Nguyen Khac Su. 1990. Hang Con Moong (Con Moong Cave), Voun Quoc Gia Cuc Phoong, Vien Khao Co Hoc, Hanoi.
Pookajorn, S. 1991. Recent evidences of a late Pleistocene to a Middle Holocene archaeological site at Moh Khiew cave, Krabi Province, Thailand. Récentes recherches en archéologie en Thailande, deux- ième symposium Franco-Thai, 9–11 décembre 1991. Bangkok: Silpakorn University.
Pookajorn, S. 1994. Final report of Excavation at Moh Khiew Cave, Krabi Province, Sakai Cave, Thrang Province and Ethnoarchaeological Research of Hunter-Gatherer Group, Socall Mani or Sakai or Asli at Trang Province. Printed Department Of Archaeology Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Reynolds, T. E. 1990. Problems in the stone age of Thailand. Journal of the Siam Society 78(1): 109-114.
Schepartz, L. A., dan Miller‐Antonio, S. 2010. Taphonomy, life history, and human exploitation of Rhinoceros sinensis at the Middle Pleistocene site of Panxian Dadong, Guizhou, China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 20(3): 253-268.
Semenov, S. A. 1964. Prehistoric Technology, diterjemah oleh M.W. Thompson, Cory, Adams dan Mackay, London, 211 p.
Shutler, Jr. R. 1977. Tom Harrrison’s contribution through radiocarbon dating to the understanding of the prehistory of Southeast Asia. Asian Perspectives 20(1): 8-12.
Sieveking, Ann de G. 1958. The Palaeolithic Industry of Kota Tampan, Perak, Northwestern Malaya, Asian Perspectives 2(2): 91-102.
Simanjuntak, T. 2008. Acheulean tools in Indonesian Palaeolithic. In. Paper Pre- sented on the International Seminar on Diversity and Variability in the East Asian Palaeolithic: Toward an Improved Understanding. Seoul, Korea.
Simanjuntak, T. dan Semah, F. 1996. A new insight in the Sangiran flake industry. Bulletin Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Canberra, 14(1): 22-26.
Solheim, W. G. 1970. Northern Thailand, Southeast Asia, and world prehistory. Asian Perspectives 145-162.
Sorensen, P. 1988. Archaeological Exca- vation in Thailand, Surface Finds and Minor Excavations. Copenhagen: candi- navian Institute of Asian Studies, Occa- sional Paper.
Tauber, H. 1973. Copenhagen radiocarbon dates X. Radiocarbon 15: 109–11.
Thiel, B. 1988. Excavation at Musang Cave, Northeast Luzon, Philippines. Asian Perspectives 28(1): 61-81.
Tiauzon, A. 2011. Lithic technology in Song Terus during the Late Middle Pleistocene and the Early Upper Pleistocene. Tesis Sarjana, Erasmus Mundus in Quaternary and Prehistory, Département de Préhistoire. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. Paris.
Van den Bergh, G. D., Aziz, F., Sondaar, P.Y dan Hussain, S.T. 1992. Taxonomy, stratigraphy and paleozoogeography of Plio-Pleistocene proboscideans from the Indonesian islands. Publication of the Geological Research and Development Centre (Bandung), Paleontology Series 7: 28–58.
Van den Bergh, G. D., Sondaar, P.Y., de Vos, J. dan Aziz, F. 1996. The proboscideans of the South-east Asian islands. DALAM Shoshani, J. dan P. Tassy (ed), The Proboscidea Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and their Relatives pp. 240-248. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Heekeren. 1972. The Stone Age of Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Van Heekeren, H. E. dan Knuth, C. E. 1967. Archaeological Excavations in Thailand I: Sai Yok. Copenhagen: Munkgaard. Van Heteren, A.H. 2012. The hominin of Flores: insular adaptations of the lower body. C. R. Palevol 11: 169–179.
Veth, P., Smith, M. dan Hiscock, P. 2005. Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives. Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
Viet, N. G. 1989. Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Sites in Viet Nam. Lecture presented at the Institute of Archaeo- logy, University of London, May 1989.
von Koenigswald, G.H.R. & Ghosh, A.K. 1973. Stone implements from the Trinil beds of Sangiran, Central Java. Proceedings van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 76: 1–34.
Widianto, H., Toha, B., dan Simanjuntak, T. 2001. Pleistocene Archaeology in East Asia The Discovery of Stone Implements in The Grenzbank: New Insights Into The Chronology of The Sangiran Flake Industry. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 21: 157-161.
White, J.C., dan Gorman, C.F. 2004. Patterns. “amorphous” industries: The Hoabinhian viewed through a lithic reduction sequence. In. V. Paz (ed.), Southeast Asian Archaeology: Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift, pp.411-441. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
Xhauflair, H., dan Pawlik, A. 2010. Usewear and residue analysis: contribution to the study of the lithic industry from Tabon Cave, Palawan, Philippines. Ann. Univ. Ferrara Mus. Sci. Nat 6: 147-154.
Zuraina Majid. 1982. The West Mouth in the Prehistory of Southeast Asia. Special Monograph 3. Sarawak Museum.
Zuraina Majid. 1994. The excavation of Perak man, an epi-Palaeolithic burial at Gua Gunung Runtuh. In. Zuraina, Majid (ed.). The Excavation of Gua Gunung Runtuh and the Discovery of Perak Man in Malaysia, pp 230-247. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Museums and Antiquity.
Zuraina Majid. 1996. Prasejarah Malaysia: Sudakah Zaman Gelap Menjadi Cerah? Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Zuraina Majid. 1997. The discovery of Bukit Jawa, Gelok, a middle-late palaeolithic site in Perak, Malaysia. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 49-52
Zuraina Majid. 1998. Radiocarbon dates and culture sequence in the Lenggong Valley and beyond. Archeological Research and Museums in Malaysia. In. Zuraina Majid (ed). Special volume published in Malaysia Museums Journal, pp 241-249. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti
Zuraina Majid. 2003. Archaeology in Malaysia. Pulau Pinang: Pusat Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global.
Zuraina Majid, Jaffrie Ignatius. H.D. Tjia dan Peter Koon. 1998. Some interesting late Pleistocene-Early Holocene finds from excavations in Balambangan Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Sabah Society Journal 15: 29-40
Zuraina Majid dan Matsumura, H. 1998. An update on the Perak Man. Paper prensented at the 16th Congress of the Indo-Pasific Prehistory Association Melaka, Malaysia, 1-7 July, 1998.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
IKATAN AHLI ARKEOLOGI MALAYSIA
d/a Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: +60 3 8921 5280