FROM THE BRITISH MUSEUM TO THE LONGHOUSE: RECLAIMING THE PUA KUMBU AND REVITALIZING IBAN CULTURAL IDENTITY [DARIPADA MUZIUM BRITISH KE RUMAH PANJANG: MENUNTUT SEMULA PUA KUMBU DAN MENJAGA SEMULA IDENTITI BUDAYA IBAN]

Gregory Kiyai @ Keai

Abstract


Abstract 

Pua Kumbu is a type of woven cloth and a cultural object that has been a source of pride for the Iban people for generations. It holds great significance in Iban culture, to the point that Iban women are expected to master the craft at the highest level in order to place themselves in the highest social hierarchy within the longhouse community. However, this weaving art, rich in taboos, extraordinary stories about Iban gods and deities, and the Iban people's excellence in producing it through the environment, has become an object that was 'smuggled, stolen, and seized' by colonial powers and foreign researchers since the era of James Brooke in Sarawak and after the end of World War II. This powerful cultural object of the Iban people was handed over to The British Museum's collection and has never been returned to its place of origin. Therefore, this study discusses a selected collection of Pua textiles, based on its motifs, which are considered ancient motive and no longer produced in Iban weaving art in Sarawak after the cultural transformation of the indigenous people, especially following the formation and inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. 

Keywords: Cultural heritage, Iban culture, indigenous legacy, pua kumbu, traditional weaving

 

Abstrak 

Pua Kumbu adalah sejenis kain tenunan dan objek budaya yang telah menjadi sumber kebanggaan bagi masyarakat Iban selama beberapa generasi. Ia memegang kepentingan yang besar dalam budaya Iban, sehingga wanita Iban diharapkan menguasai kemahiran ini pada tahap tertinggi untuk meletakkan diri mereka dalam hierarki sosial yang tertinggi dalam komuniti rumah panjang. Namun, seni tenunan ini, yang kaya dengan pantang larang, cerita luar biasa tentang dewa-dewa dan tuhan-tuhan Iban, serta kecemerlangan masyarakat Iban dalam menghasilkan kain ini melalui persekitaran mereka, telah menjadi objek yang telah 'diseludup, dicuri, dan dirampas' oleh kuasa kolonial dan penyelidik asing sejak zaman James Brooke di Sarawak dan selepas tamat Perang Dunia Kedua. Objek budaya yang berkuasa ini milik masyarakat Iban telah diserahkan ke koleksi Muzium British dan tidak pernah dikembalikan ke tempat asalnya. Oleh itu, kajian ini membincangkan koleksi terpilih Pua Kumbu, berdasarkan motifnya, yang dianggap sebagai motif kuno dan tidak lagi dihasilkan dalam seni tenunan Iban di Sarawak selepas transformasi budaya masyarakat pribumi, terutamanya selepas pembentukan dan penyertaan dalam Persekutuan Malaysia pada tahun 1963. 

Kata Kunci: Warisan budaya, budaya Iban, warisan pribumi, pua kumbu, tenunan tradisional.

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