ANCIENT KEDAH: A SRIVIJAYAN MANDALA IN THE MALAY PENINSULA KEDAH TUA: SEBUAH MANDALA SRIVIJAYA DI SEMENANJUNG TANAH MELAYU

Muhammad Nu’man Mohd Nasir, Zuliskandar Ramli

Abstract


Abstrak 

Ancient Kedah was a polity located in the Malay Peninsula that have been closely integrated into the Srivijaya ring of mandala. Based on various foreign records that were made by the Indians, Chinese and Arabs have stated that Ancient Kedah was under the influence of the polity known as Srivijaya. This study aims to discuss the relationships that exist between these two polities that have shaped the history of the Malay Peninsula and Insular Southeast Asia. Written records concerning the existence of Ancient Kedah, its relation with Srivijaya and also previous archaeological studies in Kedah have been studied to tackle this topic. Ancient Kedah and Srivijaya indeed have a close relationship which, as the former is a mandala of the latter. However, as a mandala, Ancient Kedah still retain its autonomous power to govern its polity. Through the Srivijaya sociopolitics, we can have a better understanding on some aspects of Ancient Kedah sociopolitical structure as the latter does not have any written records concerning this matter. Ancient Kedah position as a strategic port-city with lucrative economic opportunities and the religious factor, caused this polity to be closely integrated into the Srivijaya rings of mandala. 

Keywords: Ancient Kedah, Srivijaya, Malay Peninsula, Insular Southeast Asia, Mandala

 

Abstrak 

Kedah Tua merupakan sebuah politi di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu yang diintegrasikan dengan rapat dalam lingkaran mandala Srivijaya. Berdasarkan kepada rekod bertulis yang dihasilkan oleh orang India, Cina, dan Arab menyatakan, Kedah Tua telah tunduk kepada pengaruh sebuah politi yang dikenali sebagai Srivijaya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan hubungan yang wujud antara kedua politi ini yang telah mencorakkan sejarah Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan kepulauan Asia Tenggara. Rekod bertulis berkaitan kewujudan Kedah Tua, hubungannya dengan Srivijaya serta kajian arkeologi terdahulu di Kedah telah dikaji untuk kajian ini. Sememangnya Kedah Tua mempunyai hubungan yang rapat dengan Srivijaya, dengan Kedah Tua merupakan mandala kepada Srivijaya. Sebagai sebuah mandala, Kedah Tua masih lagi tetap mempunyai kuasa autonomi bagi mentadbir politinya sendiri. Tiada sebarang rekod bertulis berkenaan dengan struktur sosiopolitiknya, namun berdasarkan kepada sosiopolitik Srivijaya, sedikit sebanyak sosiopolitik lampau Kedah Tua dapat difahami dengan lebih baik. Kedudukan Kedah Tua sebagai bandar pelabuhan yang strategik dengan peluang ekonomi yang menguntungkan dan faktor keagamaan, menyebabkan politi ini telah disepadukan secara rapat ke dalam lingkaran mandala Srivijaya. 

Kata kunci: Kedah Tua, Srivijaya, Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Kepulauan Asia Tenggara, Mandala


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