MEKANISME PERUNDANGAN WARISAN KEBUDAYAAN BAWAH AIR DI SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA DARIPADA PERSPEKTIF PERUNDANGAN DAN KONVENSYEN ANTARABANGSA (LEGAL MECHANISMS OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE IN PENINSULA MALAYSIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CONVENTIONS)

Abstract

Abstrak 

Peruntukan perundangan warisan yang kukuh dan mencukupi merupakan antara faktor terpenting dalam menjamin keberkesanan proses pengurusan warisan kebudayaan bawah air. Peruntukan perundangan merupakan suatu punca kuasa yang diperuntukkan kepada individu, agensi, organisasi, badan tertentu dan pihak yang terlibat, tanpa dicabar oleh mana-mana pihak. Dengan adanya peruntukan perundangan yang kukuh, maka jaminan bagi sesuatu tapak Warisan Kebudayaan Bawah Air (WKBA) untuk melalui proses tindakan pengurusan warisan akan menjadi realiti. Artikel ini mengupas tentang mekanisme perundangan warisan pada peringkat antarabangsa, khususnya yang melibatkan Malaysia, seperti isu pendirian ratifikasi Convention Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 (CPUCH 2001) dan persempadanan perairan antarabangsa dalam perundangan antarabangsa yang terlibat, seperti United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) dan The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wreck (Nairobi WRC) 2007. Penelitian ke atas ketiga-tiga konvensyen ini mendapati bahawa Malaysia hanya meratifikasi dua konvensyen, iaitu UNCLOS dan Nairobi, WRC. Manakala CPUCH, 2001 tidak diratifikasi kerana perundangan Akta Warisan Kebangsaan (AWK) 2005 telah mencukupi dan dikhuatiri CPUCH 2001 bakal memberi kesan terhadap isu sensitif, khususnya melibatkan hak kedaulatan dan keselamatan perairan wilayah negara. Secara keseluruhannya, mekanisme perundangan warisan antarabangsa di Malaysia amat penting dalam menjelaskan kesesuaian implementasinya dalam pengurusan dan penyelidikan WKBA di Malaysia. 

Kata kunci: UNCLOS, CPUCH 2001, Nairobi WRC, Perundangan Warisan, WKBA

Abstract 

Adequate heritage legislation is one of the most important factors to ensure the effectiveness of the underwater cultural heritage management. Legislative provision is a source of power allocated to individuals, agencies, organizations, certain bodies and parties involved, without being challenged by any parties. With a strong legal provision, the guarantee for an Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) site to go through the heritage management action process will become a reality. This article examines the mechanism of heritage legislation at the international level in particular involving Malaysia such as the issue of ratification of the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 (CPUCH 2001) and the demarcation of international waters in international legislation involved, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) and The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wreck (Nairobi WRC) 2007. A study on these three conventions found that Malaysia only ratified two conventions, namely UNCLOS and Nairobi, WRC. While CPUCH 2001 was not ratified because the legislation of the National Heritage Act (AWK) 2005 was sufficient and it was feared that CPUCH 2001 would affect sensitive issues, especially involving the sovereignty and security of the country's territorial waters. Overall, the international heritage legal mechanism in Malaysia is very important in explaining the appropriateness of its implementation in the management and research of UCH in Malaysia. 

Keywords: UNCLOS, CPUCH 2001, Nairobi WRC, Heritage Legislation, UCH